LEGO 玩出樂高的武俠世界

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星期三, 12月 22, 2010

[樂高 中國歷史] Qin Dynasty 秦朝



The Qin Dynasty was the first ruling dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. The Qin state derived its name from its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Shaanxi. The Qin's strength had been consolidated by Lord Shang Yang in the 4th century BC, during the Warring States Period. In the early third century BC, the Qin accomplished a series of swift conquests; the state subjugated the Chu, remnants of the Zhou Dynasty, and various other states to gain undisputed control of China.


During its reign over China, the Qin Dynasty achieved increased trade, improved agriculture, and military security. This was due to the abolition of landowning lords, to whom peasants had formerly held allegiance. The central government now had direct control of the masses, giving it access to a much larger workforce. This allowed for the construction of ambitious projects, such as a wall on the northern border, now known as the Great Wall of China.


The Qin Dynasty also introduced several reforms: currency, weights and measures were standardized, and a better system of writing was established. An attempt to purge all traces of the old dynasties led to the infamous burning of books and burying of scholars incident, which has been criticized greatly by subsequent scholars. The Qin's military was also revolutionary in that it used the most recently developed weaponry, transportation, and tactics, though the government was heavy-handed and bureaucratic.


Despite its military strength, the Qin Dynasty did not last long. When the first emperor died in 210 BC, his son was placed on the throne by two of the previous emperor's advisers, in an attempt to influence and control the administration of the entire country through him. The advisors squabbled among themselves, however, which resulted in both their deaths and that of the second Qin emperor. Popular revolt broke out a few years later, and the weakened empire soon fell to a Chu lieutenant, who went on to found the Han Dynasty.[note 1] Despite its rapid end, the Qin Dynasty influenced future Chinese regimes, particularly the Han, and from it is derived the European name for China.


秦朝(前221年—前207年),是由戰國時代後期的秦國發展起來的統一大國。秦朝開國君主嬴政自稱『始皇帝』,從此有「皇帝」一詞。國號「秦」,因王室贏姓,史書上別稱「贏秦」,以別於其他國號為秦的政權。秦朝從統一六國到滅亡,只有十五年。



秦原是周朝的一個諸侯國,嬴姓,相傳始祖伯益曾輔助禹治水有功,被帝舜賜了嬴姓。伯益的後人非子曾為周孝王養馬,憑著他的本事,馬繁殖得很快。周孝王於是把秦谷(今甘肅省天水市西南面)一帶分封給他,這就是「秦」的起源了。前770年,秦襄公護送周平王東遷至雒邑有功,被封為諸侯,秦始建國,佔領東周王室在陝西的領地。後來秦王嬴政於前221年統一並建立大秦帝國。最後都城咸陽於前207年十月陷落,秦朝滅亡,立國共十五年。


秦王政十七年(前230年),韓國降將內史騰率秦軍吞併韓國,俘韓王安,韓亡。所得韓地置潁川郡。

秦王政十九年(前228年),秦軍王翦攻入趙國國都邯鄲,趙王遷被迫降秦,趙破。置邯鄲郡、鉅鹿郡、太原郡。公子嘉率宗族百人逃亡代城。

秦王政二十年(前227年),燕國太子丹派荊軻刺殺秦王未遂,秦王立即派王翦領兵攻燕。

秦王政二十一年(前226年),王翦攻破燕都薊,燕王喜退守遼東,殺太子丹以求和。

秦王政二十二年(前225年),秦軍王賁率領10萬大軍攻打魏國,包圍魏都大梁,引黃河鴻溝水灌大梁,3個月後大梁城破,魏王假投降,併魏。


王政二十二年(前225年),王翦率領60萬大軍攻打楚國,屯兵練武、堅壁不戰、以逸待勞。

秦王政二十三年(前224年),王翦率領60萬大軍渡過淮水,圍攻楚國楚都壽春。

秦王政二十四年(前223年),楚軍鬥志渙散、糧草不足,遂從前線撤軍。王翦乘機追擊,消滅楚軍主力,佔領楚都壽春,俘虜楚王負芻,楚人復立昌平君為王。王翦又率軍渡過長江,攻佔越地,置會稽郡,併楚。

秦王政二十五年(前222年),王賁打下遼東,俘燕王喜;接著打下代城,俘代王嘉。燕、趙徹底被吞併,秦始皇於代地設置雁門郡。

秦王政二十六年(前221年),王賁率軍南下攻打齊國,齊王建不戰而降,併齊。

至此秦並六國。除作為秦的附庸的衛國最終於秦二世元年(前209年)滅亡外,秦已完成了統一。


嬴政統一中國後,遂自稱「功高三皇,德高五帝」,創建皇帝尊號,自號為『始皇帝』。嬴政認為諡號乃是「子論父,臣論君」,大為不妥而廢除之,而改用計數方式的世數尊號,自稱始皇帝,宣布子孫稱二世、三世,以至萬世,代代承襲。秦始皇規定皇帝自稱朕,命改為制,令改為詔。「皇帝」尊號,「朕」御用自稱等皆源自秦朝開始。


秦始皇實行了一系列加強中央集權,鞏固國家統一的措施。皇帝擁有至高無上的權力,大臣只有參政議事權,無決策權;中央實行三公九卿制,「三公」即是丞相、御史大夫、太尉,分掌行政、監察和軍事;地方實行郡縣制,分天下為三十六郡,統一度量衡、貨幣、文字;全國修建驛道,秦馳道,興建水利,築靈渠;遷萬姓充屯邊地,謫判罪犯戍守邊防;在戰國諸國所建長城的基礎上修建萬里長城,以防匈奴入。


秦始皇在統一六國之後於驪山修建了豪華的宮殿阿房宮,唐代的杜牧在《阿房宮賦》中寫道阿房宮於秦末農民起義中被項羽燒毀。但據目前的考古證據顯示,阿房宮並沒有焚燒過







星期五, 7月 16, 2010

[樂高 漫畫] Russian–Manchu border conflicts 雅克薩戰役







The Russian-Manchu border conflicts (1652-1689) were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Manchus and the Cossacks in which the Cossacks tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River.

The hostilities culminated in the Manchu siege of the Cossack fort of Albazin (1686) and resulted in the Treaty of Nerchinsk, concluded between the Russia and the Qing Empire in 1689.

雅克薩戰役是中俄之間的一場戰爭。在清朝初年,俄國向西伯利亞擴張,並進軍黑龍江流域,幾次被清軍擊敗,但由於東北人煙稀少,一旦清軍回撤,俄人又捲土重來,在黑龍江流域建造尼布楚城(現俄羅斯聯邦涅爾琴斯克)和雅克薩城(現俄羅斯聯邦阿爾巴津)。

康熙時俄國人還在不斷侵擾黑龍江流域,並煽動當地酋長索倫叛附,康熙震怒。幾次交涉未果後,康熙於1685年派遣黑龍江將軍薩布素率領15000士兵圍攻雅克薩,焚毀木城,俄軍40多人投降,不願回國,被編為康熙俄裔近衛軍。

清軍回防後,俄軍重回,又重建土城。1686年夏,薩布素率領清軍重新攻打雅克薩,久圍不下。時彼得大帝派特使在尼布楚和中國議和,清軍增兵20000。俄國當時正和瑞典爭奪芬蘭,無暇東顧。最後達成和議,簽定中俄《尼布楚條約》,俄軍撤出雅克薩,毀掉雅克薩城,劃定中俄邊界。





Cossacks (Russian: Казаки́, Kazaki; Ukrainian: Козаки́, Kozaky; Polish: Kozacy) were originally members of military communities in Ukraine and southern Russia.[1] Their origins are a subject of scholarly dispute.

Towards the end of the 15th century, Zaporozhian Cossacks had established a Cossack host in the "wild field" of Ukraine around the Dnieper River.

In the 16th century, the Don Cossacks established another cossack host in the Don River basin. Other Cossack hosts were established later in the Southern Urals, Siberia and Caucasus.

哥薩克(烏克蘭語:Козаки;俄文:Каза́ки́)是一群生活在東歐大草原(烏克蘭、俄羅斯南部)的游牧社群。在歷史上以驍勇善戰和精湛的騎術著稱,並且是支撐俄羅斯帝國於17世紀往東擴張的主要力量。移居到中國的部分哥薩克被稱為阿爾巴津人。

13世紀開始,一些斯拉夫人為了逃避蒙古帝國中欽察汗國的統治而流落到俄羅斯南部地區,包括頓河流域、第聶伯河下游和伏爾加河流域。15、16世紀時,一些城市貧民與不願成為農奴的俄羅斯、烏克蘭農民遷徙到由於欽察汗國被推翻之後的俄南地區。

這些人被稱為「哥薩克」,即突厥語中的「自由人」。哥薩克人在俄南建立了一些地方政權。東歐因為平原多,山地少,因此哥薩克族群多數以河流命名,如「頓河哥薩克」,「烏拉爾河哥薩克」等。



The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) (Russian: Нерчинский договор, Chinese: 尼布楚條約, Pinyin: Níbùchǔ tiáoyuē) was the first treaty between Russia and China. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River and east of the mouth of the Argun River but kept the area between the Argun River and Lake Baikal. For background see Russo-Chinese Relations.

《尼布楚條約》是中國和俄國之間簽定的第一份邊界條約。

從16世紀後期沙皇伊凡雷帝時開始,俄國開始對西伯利亞和遠東的殖民過程。1636年俄國人到達鄂霍次克海,征服了西伯利亞全境。這個地區成為了俄國人的殖民地。

當俄國的勢力接近中國時便發生了軍事衝突。1652年(順治九年)俄國人東入黑龍江,「駐防寧古塔(今黑龍江省海林縣)章京海色率所部擊之,戰於烏扎拉村」。這是中俄之間第一場戰鬥。1657年沙俄派正規軍在尼布楚河與石勒喀河合流處建立了雅克薩城與尼布楚城。

之後中俄之間發生多次外交和軍事上的衝突。1685年康熙帝於平定三藩之亂後派將軍彭春於5月22日從璦琿起兵五千人,5月25日攻入雅克薩。之後清軍撤軍而俄軍捲土重來。1686年清軍再攻雅克薩並圍城。1689年9月7日(康熙二十八年七月二十四日)《尼布楚條約》正式簽字。

Lego comics 樂高漫畫黨

Lego Wuxia 武出樂高的驚魂頁

星期日, 2月 28, 2010

[樂高 漫畫] 末代鐵騎 第二回













星期一, 1月 18, 2010

[Lego Comics] Last war NO.01 末代鐵騎第一回 (English version)










星期五, 10月 09, 2009

[樂高 漫畫] 末代鐵騎 第一回